Whereas enols are seen only as a small proportion of the keto-enol
tautomerism, silyl enol ethers are stable and very useful
sources of regiochemically pure enolate
ions. They are easily prepared - following the route to the enolate
ion then treating with a silyl reagent like Tri-Methyl-Silyl-Chloride
('TMSCl'). For example;
If the ketone is asymmetrical then there are two possibilities
for deprotonation, and the proton that is taken will depend on
the conditions used.
For kinetic deprotonation, low temperature
plus a strong base ensure that equilibria are kept to a minimum
and the least hindered proton is
taken, giving the least substituted double
bond in the enolate/silyl enol ether.
For thermodynamic deprotonation,
high temperature plus a weaker base allow the system to equilibrate
until the most stable double bond
configuration is reached, i.e. the most substituted one. For example;
Reactions of Silyl Enol Ethers
These will react exactly as enolates as soon as the +SiMe3
fragment is removed - there are several ways of doing this, including
MeLi (releasing SiMe4) and [tBu4N]+
F- (forms Si-F bond).
Also the double bond itself will react with strong electrophiles
because the cation produced will be stabilised if β
to the silicon:
This will also work with alkyl halides (especially if a Lewis
Acid is present) - NB this is a preferable method for alkylating
ketones because simple enolates are basic enough to create competing
elimination reactions with alkyl halides.
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