As stated before, the topic of conformation requires further investigation.
From the previous section, you may remember the Newman Projection
of the staggered form of ethane:
Staggered |
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However, this is just one conformation of ethane,
albeit the one of lowest energy. As previously stated, there
are an infinite number of possible conformations of ethane, however,
a few are of interest and have specific names.
Eclipsed |
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Clearly, as the name suggests, this conformation has
all the hydrogen atoms in line with each other, so that the rear
atoms are eclipsed by the front ones. However, to make it
clear which molecule we are dealing with in our representation,
the rear atoms are drawn slightly to one side.
This conformation is of
highest energy, as the C-H bonds are all as close as possible. This
is exactly the opposite situation to the staggered form, where all
the C-H bonds have their maximum separation, and hence the staggered
form is of lowest energy.
There also exist some important conformations of intermediate
energy, though these are best described with molecules other than
ethane. Let us have a look at the conformations of 1,2 dibromoethane:
Above, we can see, the lowest energy form; staggered
with the two bromine atoms as far from each other as possible (antiperiplanar
in this case), and two slightly higher energy forms, which look
staggered, but are higher in energy because the bromine atoms are
near each other.
There are also more eclipsed versions in this molecule:
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The highest energy form is the fully eclipsed form,
where the two bromine atoms eclipse each other, and the slightly
lower energy form is just called eclipsed, and has a bromine eclipsing
a hydrogen atom. |
All these forms can only be considered distinct because
there is a barrier to rotation about the axial bond in each case.
If all the forms had the same energy, the molecule would rotate
freely about its axis at any temperature.
However, as it is, due to the the increase in energy
when atoms eclipse (which is caused by the eclipsing of the electrons
in the bonds to those atoms), the molecules above do not have free
rotation at all temperatures. (Note that in reality, because
the energy barrier is only very small, the temperature must be very
low indeed to prevent rotation in ethane for example, and at room
temperature, ethane does rotate freely and very rapidly.)
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